Sunday, December 29, 2019
Poem Analysis Beowulf - 1619 Words
Ben Sparrow Ms. Finkelstein Honors English IV September 5, 2015 Beowulf is renowned as the oldest poem written in the English language, thought to be written over 1500 years ago this epic poem is still being heavily studied and compared to modern literature regularly. The protagonist, named Beowulf is a great warrior whose called to defend the Danes from the vicious attack of many monsters. Many would label this call to action as the start of his hero’s journey, although it isn’t an ancient concept by any means, the hero’s journey is one continually used even in the modern day. Within the epic poem of Beowulf, the protagonist follows a pattern of development seen within all true hero stories, including a deep physical development explicitly characterized by physical actions done by the hero, and mental expansion distinguished by the inner evolution of not only one’s thoughts, but their decision making and maturity., and the explicit following of the heroic code fully during this poem. This â€Å"jour ney†that Beowulf goes through has two clear levels: mental and physical, both of which are evident throughout the entirety of the story. The hero’s journey is a pattern seen throughout many of the greatest epic stories of history, and Beowulf is no different. Often times the mental level of this journey is up for debate as inner thought isn’t ever explicitly stated, although there are clear developments notable throughout Beowulf’s epic adventure. To start, Beowulf follows theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Beowulf 851 Words  | 4 Pagesoffers literary analysis of Beowulf, the oldest epic poem that has survived in English literature. It is also widely known as the earliest surviving piece of literatures in vernacular European Literature. The language of this poem is Old English, spoken by Saxon people. This poem depicts a traditional story that is a part of oral Germanic tradition. As per experts, this is work of a single poet and was composed i n then England. It has been determined by the scholars that this poem was written betweenRead MorePoem Analysis : Beowulf 906 Words  | 4 PagesKaleigh Della Grotta Ms. Murphy British Literature .2A Period C September 26, 2017 Beowulf Creative Writing Assignment Speech Honoring Beowulf I, Hrothgar, King of the Danes, built this mead hall to show everyone that Herot is the best mead hall to ever be created. Herot is a place for us to have celebrations where we eat, drink, and listen to poems shared all evening long. For countless nights Herot was your home where you would all fall fast asleep. As nights went on and things started toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Beowulf 3700 Words  | 15 PagesJames Quimby Mrs. Morris AP English 2 September 2014 Summer Reading Assignment Beowulf 1. This epic poem is one of the first works composed in the English language. It also tells us about the Anglo-Saxon people who lived in England and their culture. What values did these people support? What ideals did they try to live by? How do their values compare to our values today? Try to find similarities between our culture and this ancient culture. Use examples from text to support your points. The Anglo-SaxonRead More An Analysis of the Epic Poem, Beowulf - Characterization of Beowulf1918 Words  | 8 PagesCharacterization of Beowulf          The dialogue, action and motivation revolve about the characters in the poem (Abrams 32-33). It is the purpose of this essay to demonstrate the types of characters present in the anonymously written Anglo-Saxon poem, Beowulf - whether static or dynamic, whether flat or round, and whether protrayed through showing or telling.  At the very outset of the poem the reader is introduced, through â€Å"telling†by the scop, to Scyld Scefing, forefatherRead More An Analysis of the Epic Poem, Beowulf - Social Codes in Beowulf910 Words  | 4 PagesSocial Codes in Beowulf                                                             In reading Beowulf, one cannot help noticing the abundance of references to weapons and armor throughout the text. Many passages involving weapons and armor contain important messages that the author is trying to convey. These passages involve the choice to use or refrain from using arms, the practice of disarming oneself upon entering anothers home, and the idea of a mans worth being measured by his weaponsRead More An Analysis of the Arguably Unified Poem, Beowulf Essay example2971 Words  | 12 PagesAn Analysis of the Arguably Unified Poem, Beowulf Beowulf as a less than unified work, more important for its historical and philological content than its literary merit, and critics after him regard Beowulf as a unified work of art. For example, of the critics who discuss the poem as a whole in An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism, most agree pace Tolkien that Beowulf is a unified poem, even if they argue so on different grounds. Burton Raffels introduction to his own translation offers aRead MoreAn Analysis of Grendel Based on the Classic Poem Beowulf922 Words  | 4 PagesGrendel based on classic poem Beowulf in which there is three main characters the mother the dragon and the Grendel. Not only Grendel but other two characters too represent alien world evils. Grendel is analyzed here to assess if he is man, monster or a notion. THESIS STATEMENT Is Grendel a man, monster or a notion? THE FIGHT WITH GRENDEL The idea of Grendel is based on a poem Beowulf. The story revolves around the fight between good and evil in the life. Beowulf was the hero who faced threeRead More An Analysis of the Epic Poem, Beowulf - Anglo-Saxon Customs and Values Reflected in Beowulf1791 Words  | 8 PagesAnglo-Saxon Customs and Values Reflected in Beowulf      Readers today approach the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf with cultural preconceptions very different from those expressed by the author of this poem. This essay hopes to enlighten the modern reader regarding the customs and values from the time of the poem’s composition.   Beowulf makes reference to Ingeld and his wife and the coming Heathobard feud:                                                             inRead MoreHistorical Analysis Of Of Beowulf s Poem, Beowulf, Sir Gawain, King Arthur And Other Legends918 Words  | 4 PagesAnglo-Saxon monsters and takes us on a journey to a time where writers try to tackle modern problems. Along the way we come across characters such as Beowulf, Sir Gawain, King Arthur and other legends who remain a vital part of popular culture. History offers us a variety of heroes and legends that we can read and learn about. The historical poem of Beowulf not only reveals to us the importance cultural values of the warrior society, but also the importance of literature. The warrior culture at thisRead MoreBeowulf And The Anglo Saxon Period1740 Words  | 7 PagesBeowulf The original poem, Beowulf, goes back to the Anglo-Saxon period in c. 650 and c.1100. Authors translated Beowulf many times in the Anglo-Saxon period to present day. It displays how a hero should be in the real world. He helps the people in the village and slays monsters. Everyone in the village looks up to him as he acts as if he were a role model. Beowulf, the protagonist in the translated Beowulf by Seamus Heaney, is a hero of his village, stands for bravery, strong will, and nobleness
Saturday, December 21, 2019
History of Marketing - 1071 Words
The History Of Marketing As of today, we understand marketing to be a process where the goal is to know the needs of the costumer, and match these with the organizations ability to fulfill these expectations. For this to happen successfully, it is important that the organizations understands both who the costumer is, what value the costumer requires, as well as how to deliver this value in the best possible way. Had it not been for the history of marketing as we know it, our view on modern marketing might have been very different. Whether the difference would have made a positive or negative impact is hard to know, but one thing is certain. The history of marketing is important to understand in order to learn about marketing itself.†¦show more content†¦The interest of marketing therefore grew, as well as the need for advertisement. During the 1960s, computer technology contributed to pushing this growth. This also led to the consumer behavior changing. In the 1970s, both the macromarketing school and the strategic planning school would be big influences on the marketing development. The macromarketing school for instance, studied the impact of marketing practices on society and society on marketing, whereas the strategic planning school explored the relationship between environmental change and change within the organization. Egan (2008:p11) In the 1990s the attitude around business changed in the US and the UK. Short term profits and their impact on the share price put marketers on the defensive from which many would suggest they have not emerged. Egan (2008:p13). During the last twenty years of the 1900s, relationship marketing, a marketing strategy in which developing a relationship with the consumer over a longer period of time is the priority, became a central part of marketing, at the same time as it was a central topic for discussion in business management. Relationship marketing had a rapid growth was becoming a global concept, and a final product made from the influence of previous theories of marketing. This means, that during 40 years of development, marketing had evolved from consumer marketing, in theShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Marketing : Marketing1783 Words  | 8 PagesThe History of Marketing Marketing appeared with the first human beings, a good example for that Eve’s trial to convince Adam to eat the forbidden apple (Kotler marketing Group, 2015). Since ancient times, people were meeting together at a specific time in a specific market which was known by everyone to complete the bartering process where they exchange the agriculture and craft products, they were producing. With the advent of cash, the bartering process has stopped and turned into a sale andRead MoreHistory Of Marketing And The Marketing Strategy2516 Words  | 11 PagesThe history of marketing can be traced back to the longest possible time- probably further than you thought. It will not be an exaggeration to say that it is as old as civilization itself. The probability of success of any business lies in the marketing strategy it adopts. Simply put, if you are not marketing your business, you are in for a loss. While this concept remained unchanged, the ways of marketing have changed several fo lds over the last few centuries. 1450-1700- Printed Advertisements AppearsRead MoreEssay History Marketing1353 Words  | 6 Pagesparticular context/socio-economic situation in which modern marketing emerged and thrived  Part b) You should then discuss in what ways this context has changed and how the marketing discipline has changed amp; needs to change further in order to adapt to the current and future needs of firms, consumers/customers; perhaps even alluding to society in general. According to Marketing Association (1985, as cited D. Hall and R. Jones 2010: 48) Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conceptionRead MoreAnalysis of Marketing Through History1091 Words  | 5 PagesSurprisingly, the marketing community started out with a few handbills and ads that were considered boring and unreadable. In the early days, companies and marketers barely researched what their consumers truly wanted in a product. Over the last century, the marketing landscape has changed dramatically with the introduction of technology, and an emphasis on providing value to the customer. The Beginnings of Marketing One of the earliest and most successful marketing campaigns were those forRead MoreHistory of Relationship Marketing1794 Words  | 8 Pagesthis created what we know now as commoditization and fired the first bullet in modern price wars. Producers realised this shift and started to concentrate on sales and marketing activities on their quest to capture bigger market share and ensure continuity and profitability. Again there was an upwards trend in the sales and marketing theories and concept evolution, the same what happened with production earlier. This trend was driven by, and again driving at many cases, how markets perceive productsRead MoreMMs Marketing History2621 Words  | 11 PagesAlmond Chocolate MMs, however in 1995 after half of a century from birth, MMs was looking into addressing a new color into the family. A mega marketing event asked Americans all over the USA to vote for their new preferred color; blue, pink and purple or no changes were among the votes. But i t was a 54% landslide of 10 million voters who made history happen when they chose blue to be the new brands edition. Along with that brand evolution came a new edition of MMs Mini Baking Bits putting rainbowsRead More Nikes History and Marketing Essay2026 Words  | 9 PagesNikes History and Marketing Every box of Nike shoes states, â€Å"engineered and built to the exact specifications for championship athletes around the world.†Nike has become the measuring stick in the world of merchandising and endorsing. Top athletes around the world are often seen with a famous Nike swoosh on their shoes. It is not uncommon to see some form of Nike product everywhere you look. Nike â€Å"head honcho†Phil Knight wants to keep it that way, too.      In the spring of 1972, PhilRead MoreIntroducing the History of Marketing Theory and Practice11077 Words  | 45 PagesIntroducing the History of Marketing Theory and Practice 1.1 Introduction The global popularity of marketing as a subject for study might suggest that those studying and teaching the subject know what it is that they are studying and how this study should be undertaken. But as we shall see in this chapter and others in this book, this has often not been the case. Marketing as a subject has proved almost impossible to pin down, and there is little consensus about what it means to study marketing. Most organisationsRead MoreMarketing Plan For Jackthreads : The History And Description Of Jackthreads1627 Words  | 7 PagesMARKETING PLAN FOR JACKTHREADS THE HISTORY DESCRIPTION OF JACKTHREADS JackThreads is an electronic commerce site that delivers to consumers an opulent assortment of men’s apparel and accessories. Correspondingly, JackThreads does this by showcasing limited-run collaborations between fashion designers with celebrities, and a private labeled line designed with the everyday man in mind. In 2006, founder Jason Ross had a desire to create an e-commerce platform to liquidate a popular brand men’s merchandiseRead MoreSome History of Promotion Marketing or Advertising Essay1083 Words  | 5 PagesSome History of Promotion Marketing/Advertising Promotional Strategies and Advertising are very important when it comes to marketing for a firm. One of the methods used to determine the internal and external environment in the organization business strategies is the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis. This is the matrix platform for most business firms and it is effective for organizations. When people are talking about promotional strategies and advertising; marketing
Thursday, December 12, 2019
Maharana Pratap free essay sample
But owing to mutual jealousy among the queens of Udai Singh, he was deprived of his father’s have and affection, and was forced live in a village below the ridge of Chittorgarh. His maternal grand father Akheraj Sonagar (pali) had died in the battle of Sumel Girari in 1600 Vikram Era. Thus, neither he received the from his father nor did he get maternal grand father’s care for long. First Marriage of Pratap and Founding of Udaipur At around age of 17 years Pratap was married to Ajabade, the daughter of Rao Ram Rakh Panwar. Amar Singh was born to her in the month of Chaitra Sudi 7, Thursday of Vikram Era 1613 (i. e. 16 March, 1559). At this time Maharana Udai Singh had gone to Ekaling Ji for Darshana (holy Vision of the lord) and from there he moved towards village Ahar in the cause of hunting. After consultations and discussions with his chieftains and advisers he started construction of a palace and establishment of a city towards the north of present day Udaipur the ruins of which exist to-day, known as Moti Mahal Hero of the Age – Maharana Pratap The Third Saka (Supreme Sacrifice) of Chittor and Pratap When emperor Akabar evivaded Chittor in 1967, Maharana Udai Singh abandoned Chittorgarh following the advice of his chief cans and Generals. Though Pratap desired to stay back and protect the fort but the chief fans and Generals did not agree to expose the future king of Mewar to the jows of death and sent him to mountains alongwith his father on the night of 23 ebuary 1568 the last Jauhar (a ritualistic self emulation by the women in order to protect their chastity and honour before their warrior husbands march for the final and last assault) was organized and in the morning of the following day the warriors threw open the Fort gates and wade the supreme sacrifice (the Saka, in popular lane). With the fort fell to the hands of Akabar. Akabar not only ordered the killing of innocent residents women and children but also offended sentiments of Hindus by destroying and desecrating the temples and idols in the fort. This incident of Jauhar and Saka at Chittor made a deep impression on the heart of Pratap. He was full of hatred for Akabar who indulged in this merciless killing. The Supreme Sacrifice made by the women and the warriors for upholding the honour and respect of their nation family, clan and religion because the source of expiration for Pratap to resolve for a struggle ful life Repression of the Vagadiya Chauhans Pratap first demonstrated his bravery by attacking the Vagadiya Chauhans. In the battle at the banks of Som river Karansi the cousin of Rana Sanwaldas was killed. Being defeated the Vagadiya Chauhans Conceded a large part of Vagad lard to Mewar. This enhanced the fame of Pratap and the attention of the common masses and feudal heads started centering towards the browsing of Pratap. Coronation of Pratap Living for a while in the difficult mountain terrains at Kumbhaner alongwith his father, Pratap made his residence at Gogunda where Maharana Udai Singh died on 28 Feb. ,1572. In accordance with the desire of Bhatiyani queen Dheer bai, Maharana Udai Singh had declared his son Jagamal as his heir apparent but despite strong desires of the queen and the Maharana, Jagamal could not realize his dreams. After the death of the Maharana Jagamal occupied the Royal Throne but he did not participate in the funeral rites the former ruler of Gwalior Ram Singh Tanwar enquired about Jagamal after which the noble heads came to know about Jagamal having been made the heir-apparent. At this point Man Singh Sonagare, the maternal uncle of Pratap raised objection and said to Rawat Sanga ( the predecenor of Devagarh nobles) – you Belong to the clan of Chunda therefore, this ought to have been decided after consultation with you. Then, Rawat Krishna das and Rawat Sanga said – â€Å"pratap is the eldest son, and worthy also, hence, he will be the Maharana. †After completing the last rites, the noble chieftains made Pratap to occupy the Royal Throne and spoke to Jagamal – â€Å"In your capacity as the younger brother, your seat is in front of the Royal Throne†. Thus, on 28 feb, 1572- the day of Holi Pratap’s coronation was performed at Gogunda Afterward, the coronation ceremony was celebrated at Kumbhalwer which was attended by Rao Chandra Sen (Jodhpur) the brother-in-low (Sister’s husband) of Pratap as Nell. Making Kumbhalmer and Gogunda as centres, Pratap started ruling over Mewar. He conquered the CHHAPPAn area, defeating the rathors, then he ensured full protection of entire Godwad and the Arawali ranges. At that time, the territories lying to the North-east and South-east of Mewar had fallen to the hands of Akabar and almost all the kings of Rajasthan had accepted authority of Akabar, the only exception being Pratap who never bowed his head before the emperor. After Pratap’s coronation, Akabar kept sying over his activities for one year. Hoping that Pratap too will follow the path of other kings and will himself join the Royal service but this did not happen and Akabar decided to send emissaries to Pratap to prevail upon him Akabar Sends three Emissaries to make Pratap accept his authority First of all, at the orders of Akabar, Prince Man Singh Kachhawah came to Pratap lowing Gujarat in april 1573 and traveling via Eedar and Dungarpur, Pratap come to Udaipur from Gogunda and extended an affectionate wel-come to Man Singh near Udaipur. Though, Man Singh tried his best to prevail upon Pratap to come to the Royal court but Pratap did not agree. Tension developed between the two at the time of taking food and maan Singh left angrily and reported the mother to Akabar. On eruption of rebellion again in Gujarat, Akabar invaded Gujarat and suppressed the rebellion on 2 Sep. 1573 and from there ordered some army generals two under the leadership of King Bhagawan das (Amer) to go to the Rana. Elderly bhagwan das , it was hoped, will succeed in prevailing upon Pratap to accept subjection Bhagwandas reached Eedar after first conguering the strong fort of Badanagar. The ruler of that place Narayan Das Rathore, who was Pratap’s father-in-low, accepted subjection under Akabar there after Bhagawan das went to Gogunda to meet Pratap. Although, Pratap welcomed Bhagawan das with due respects, he tactfully sefured the proposal to present him self in the court of Akabar. After two months itself, under orders from Akabar king Todarmal, while returning from Gujarat met Pratap, but had to return disappointed. This fully convinced Akabar to believe that Pratap can not be pressed down without using military might, he resolved to send Army on Pratap. Pratap’s Reaction Despite efforts having been made to prevail upon Pratap, he did not accept subjection of Akabar, rather remained firm on his earlier decision. What will be the consequences of all this? Pratap know this very well. Therefore, he quickened his campaign of organizing the soldiers. He stored food- items in Forts like Kumbhalmer and established many posts to protect Gogunda his main centre. The Battle of Haldighati Prince Mana Singh left Ajmer on 2 April, 1576 and reached Mandalgarh to launch attack on maharana Pratap. Staying there fore two months he organized the Royal Army and then moved his army towards Gogunda. On the way , he encamped at Mohi and Molela – the two villages. Onreceiving this information Pratap came to lohsing from Gogunda. This place is 9 miles away to the south-west of Haldighati From here to Haldighati the path is so narrow that not more than two men could walk together on this at a time. It Pratap had preferred to stay here and wait for the arrival of the Royal Army, they would have had no other option but to move through this narrow path and would have been killed in the narrow valley. But Pratap and his soldiers were very eager and deprecate to fight in the open area. So, Pratap alongwith his soldiers reached khamnor though the inaccessible path. The battle was fought in the morning of 18 June, 1576 in the wide open area between Haldighati and village Khamanor. In Man Prakash, written in the praise of Man Singh it is stated – Pratap said to Madhav Singh – the younger brother of Man Singh Kachhawah, don’t feel happy in this battle field, I am soon going to end your happiness with alongwith king Man Singh in a moment. I say this under oath in the name of lord vishnu that you can not cherish the thought of Victory, so leery as I am alive. †And for the first time launched such a severe attack that the Mughal army ran miles away, but soon the scenario changed. Fighting from Pratap’s side many warriors in cluding Ramdas Medaliya, Tanwar Ram Shah of Gwalior alongwith his three sons, Jhala Beeda Jhala Mansingh, Man Singh Sonagara, Dodiya Bheem Shankar das Rathore, Rawat Naitsee, charam Jaisa and many others sacrificed their lives fighting fiercely. At last Pratap and his remaining soldiers had to abandon the battle field. Although the Royal army won, but the purpose, for which the bottle was fought- was not achieved, neither Pratap could be captioned nor did his attitude charge. Post Battle Activities The Royal army moved forward after the battle of Haldighati captured Gogunda the place of Pratap there they dug around a moat as they were afraid of the Mewar army. Pratap now made his stay in the strong fort of Kumbhalmer. After a short while Pratap reached Gogunda via village Kolyari, re-captured Gounda after forcing the Mughals to flee from there and placed Mandana Kumpawat there for its protection. He had good neighborly relations with the rulers to Sirohi, Jalore and Eedar. So to weaken the friendly ties the Royal army attacked them and brought Taj Khan of Jalore and Surtan of Sirohi under subjection – still, they continued supporting Pratap and they did not become averse to Pratap. Back to Top Attack by Akabar In Oct. , 1576 Akabar himself resolved to invade Mewar. He was confident of accomplishing the task which his generals could not do. So Akabar left Ajmer on 13 oct. , 1576 with a huge army. King Bhagawan das and prince Man Singh were sent to Gogunda under the command of Kutubuddin Khan. When Pratap got this information, he left Gogunda and went into the mountains. The Royal army went searching for Pratap in the caves of mountains but he could not be traced. Staying at village Mohi, Akbar made several efforts to capture Pratap but he did not succeed. Army generals were placed in the areas of Mohi and Madariya, and the campaign to search Pratap was given impetus. But all efforts failed. About Fazal writes while attempting to hide the failures of army generals – â€Å"They went into the territory of the Rama, but finding no clue to trace him returned back. Akabar got angry with them and suspended them from royal duties, and re-instated them when the begged for pardon. Hararred as he left, aKabar finally left Udaipur on 27 Nov, 1576 and went to Mahawa via Banswara. Thus, staying in Mewar for about a month and a half Akabar put all his might and skills in actions to suppress Pratap, but he did not get success. Rawal Pratap Singh of Banswara and Rawal Aasakaran of Dungarpur accepted subjection lender Akabar but Pratap Continued to give thorny pricks to the heart of Akabar. Soon after Akabar left, Pratap not only re-captured the Royal posts, but also closed all important exit points of Mewar people under the Mughal areas stopped cultivating lands with the reruls that Royal army stanted failing grant hardships due to non-supply of rations and restrictions of movements. Akabar sent his huge army those and came himself as well, to suppress Pratap but failures did not part campany with him. Pratap was annoyed with the rulers of Dungarpur and Banswara because they did not support and stand by him ceramal the son of Dungarpur ruler Aasakaran aligned with Pratap and persuaded Pratap to send his army on Aasakaran and promised to pay Pratap 4000 Memudi for this favour Pratap at that time, was in dire need of money and he saw in this offer an opportunity to suppress his opponent therefore Pratap immediately sent his army to invade Dungarpur. When the army besieged the fort, Parvati, the wife of Dungarpur Rawal Aaskaran infomed her brother Rao Chandrasen of Jodhpur about this envision. At this Rao Chandra sen came to Dungarpur with his prominent warriors and entered the fort through the back-gate of thefoot when sesamal informed Pratap of this development, Pratap ordered his army not to take any action against Rao Chandra sen and removed his army from Dungarpur. Rao Chandrasen called Aaskaram in and handed him over the fort when Akabar invaded Dungar, Chandrasen went to Banswara, then came to village Kotara and lived there, Pratap met him there. Invasions by Shahabag Khan against Pratap On 15 oct. 1577 army was again sent to attack Pratap under the command of Shahbag Khan and Mir Baksi, king Bhagwandas and prince Man singh were also with them. The army, this time, intended to occupy the strong fort of Kumbhalmer. Shahbag first captive Kelwara, situated at the ridges of Khumbhalmer and then laid siege of khumbhalmer. Facing shortage of food items Pratap left the fort in the night and assigned to task of Protecting the fort to his maternal uncle Bham Sonagae. The amm unition got destroyed by the fire from a big cannon that cracked. Bham and other Rajput worriers came out opening the Fort Gate and made the supreme sacrifice while fighting on 3 April, 1578. Kumbhalmer was captured but Pratap was not caught therefore, instead of dying stationed in the fort, Pratap thought it better to abandon the fort and continue with the struggle in the style of his fathers paticies. Pratap left kumbhalmer and went to Ranapur and then stayed for quite long in village choolye under the state of Eedar. Bhamashah and Tarachard went to Rampura and took shelter. After shahabag khan left mewar, bhamashah returned from rampura and after plundering villages of malwa and mewar, offered good amount of wealth to Maharana Pratap. For this favour Bhamashah was made Prime Minister replacing Rana Mahan see. After returning from chooliya, Pratap spent his time in mountain terrains around Kamalnath and Awargarh. After about 8 months, Akabar again ordered Shahabag Khan to invade Mewar with the warning that if you will not bring Maharana under subjection, you will be beheaded. So, he left fatehpur sikari on 15 Dec. 1578 for Mewar. Despite the exhaustive efforts for three months, no where about of Pratap could be known Tarachand fell down from horse while fighting with shahabag Khan but Devara Saindas of Runija sawed his life. Third attack by Shahabag Khan and Pratap leaves for Godawad On 11 Nov. , 1579 Shahabag Khan moved from sambhar to launch third attack on Pratap this time many Rajputs were killed fighting with shahabagkhan. Royal posts were established at many important places and strict vigil was enforced to moniter movements of Pratap, Pratap went to the mountains of Soondha in Godawad where Dewal Padihars were ruling. Thkur Raydhawal Dewal of loyana extended warn welcome to pratap and gave his daughter to Pratap in marriage. Pratap got dug a well (Bavadi) and stabled a garden at Soondha, Decorated Raydhawal with the title of Rana. When in May 1580 Shahabag Marched to Bengal, Pratap came back to Mewar and lived at village Dholan (sayara area). Shahabag Khan had stabled authority over Jawar Chhappan and Vagad in addition to kumbhalmer and established Royal posts there. Pratap suspended action against the mughals for some time due to fall in military strength. He territories under his control and increasing the strength of his army. After three years he chalked out plans to attack the Royal posts making Dholan as his main centre of activities The Battle of Dever and Victory of Pratap Pratap launched an attack on the Royal Post at Dever a village situated in Dever valley of Arawali ranges north east of kumbhalmer. The post commander Sulteen Khan lead the Royal off the legs of the elephant with blows of swards and the elephant fell down. Then sultan khan fought riding a horse. Prince Amar Singh demonstrated great bravery in this battle the Amar Kavya states – He pierced his spear through Sulteen Khan and the house together. Other soldiers ran away and Pratap got victory. Pratap got the triumphing victory in this battle. James To describes Dever as the marathon of Mewar. Marathon is a place in Greece where the Greeks foxed the inamains to flee away from the war Demise of Pratap In January 1597, while pulling the sting of bow to hunt a tiger he developed pain in his intenstine and fell sick. Seeing him grim faced, the Rawat of Salumber asked him for the reason, I am worried and doubtful at the prospects as to weather my son Amar Singh, who, I know, is prone to a comfortable life-style will be able to up hold the glory of Mewar and the tradition of my family and clan. It you nobles make a promise to protect the glory of the kingdom of Mewar, I may die in peace, All the chieftains of Mewar, present there at that time, when took the oath in the name of the throne of Bappa Rawal, then Pratap breathed his last on 19 January 1597 and thus came the end to a golden era of struggle for freedom. Chetak The Royal Horse Chetak was the famous horse of Rana Pratap, whom Pratap rode during the gruesome Battle of Haldighati (June 21, 1576). Chetak died in this battle and since then has been immortalized in the ballads of Rajasthan. This famous warhorse was of Kathiawari breed. Folklore has it that Chetaks coat had a blue tinge. That is why Rana Pratap is sometime referred as the Rider of the Blue Horse in ballads. No story of this famous battle can be complete without mentioning the exploits of Chetak in this battle. It was while mounted on Chetak that Pratap made that daring attempt on the life of Imperial Mughal Commander Man Singh. Again it was Chetak who carried away Pratap to safety from the lost battle even though being grievously wounded himself. During the course of the battle When Pratap saw that the battles tide was turning against him, he decided to settle the issue one way or other in a spectacular and quintessentially Rajput manner. Imperial commander Man Singh was directing the battle seated on an elephant. Pratap charged frontally at the Imperial army, hacked his way through the massed ranks of enemy combatants and reached in front of Man Singhs elephant. Once there, Chetak reared high in the air and planted his hooves on the forehead of Man Singhs elephant. Pratap threw his lance at Man Singh, who had the necessary quick reflexes to duck in time. The blow fell on the mahout (elephant driver) instead, who was killed instantly. In the general melee that followed, Chetak received a fatal wound on one of his legs. This was the turning point of the battle. Mewars bold gamble to siege the battle in its favor had failed. As Man Singh was whisked away to safety, Pratap found himself surrounded by enemy soldiers. This was the moment of decision for Pratap, whether to seek personal glory by embracing martyrdom on the battlefield, or to live and keep the flame of resistance burning. If he lived, Mewar stood another chance. In fact every rebel anywhere in India against the Mughal empire would have a rallying figure. But with him gone, the sun would set on Indian aspirations forever. Mewar own fate would be sealed. Maharana was loath to leave a battle in between, but was prevailed upon by his faithful followers. By some accounts one of the Jhala sardar literally snatched the Royal Insignia from Maharanas person and wore them himself, thus making him a target for the Mughal Army. As Mughal army fell upon the Jhala sardar mistaking him for Maharana, Maharana left the battlefield with some of his loyal followers. Chetak was exhausted and seriously wounded, but labored on carrying his master. About 2 miles from the site of the battle he came across a small stream. It was here while trying to leap across the stream Chetak collapsed. Maharana erected a small and beautiful monument for his beloved companion at the place where Chetak fell. This cenotaph still exists near the village of Jharol in in Rajsamand District. Chetak live on in poetic traditions as the epitome of loyalty.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
Police Leadership free essay sample
Leadership is defined as someone who provides guidance or direction to a group. The importance of leadership facilitates the basic functions of those who are meant to follow. This pertains to the Public administration aspect of criminal justice in regards to those supervisors who are put in the position of power to lead, guide, and motivate those who are not only under them, but those who are around them. Police Leadership is very important now days as it resorts to today’s community policing and how each officer, even if they are a patrol officer, â€Å"every officer is a leader†. It is because of different models put in place that have failed or succeeded along with contemporary issues, that the role of Police Leadership and its importance plays a great stake in today’s policing and police administration. Some of the key elements of leadership have to do with knowledge and education, different mindsets, ability to change, and training. When a simple question of whether a leader is born or made, it is the answer of two-thirds of a group that say leaders are made. Most back up their answer with made through training, and experience in the certain field. Leaders as it relates in policing have the mindset that the leadership quality is something that is built into the character of an officer as early as their training in the police academy. With time being a distinct factor, the longer one waits to be promoted into such a role can have catastrophic consequences. The consequences can result from that individual waiting and in that time burning bridges with co-workers and those within the community as well. Different aspects come into play when dealing with leadership. The different situations of employees is one of the most compelling and strenuous trait to deal with. Some believe that it is easier and better to take an individual with a poor performance and give them a decent review so it doesn’t generate any whistle blowing. It is the result of such leadership studies that show that most supervisors in their position Admitted that they do little or nothing when it comes to problem employees, even if dangerous behavior is shown. It is the result of others that have a different approach to those problems. To acknowledge those employees, and give them the chance of improving on their negative characteristics â€Å"that can have a ripple effect on the entire workplace, in terms of morale and workload. †A sign of a good leader is not avoiding the problem, but confronting it head on. A clear understanding of what is expected along with the follow up of evaluations is what impacts results. The mindset and education is a key factor in those who attend a ten week course in Virginia that is focused on teaching courses in leadership. A typical class is between 250-300 officers from different organizations all over the country. A 63% of the class had at least a bachelor’s degree. A crucial aspect of leadership is the ability to learn and develop that effective leadership quality. â€Å"American Policing is made up of small agencies throughout the country†. This amounts to 75% of those agencies employing less than 25 sworn officers. Within these agencies, the ability to be promoted and grow is difficult, not impossible, but difficult. It is with this rationale thinking that most officers take for granted their position in those departments. Its that mindset that usually ends up hurting those who would be the deserving of a promotion and the leadership quality if it was a timely manner was set in place. The days of being a beat cop your entire career are long gone, officers must be able and there is no room in a department for uneducated officers. The important and successful use of technologies enhances the educational factor of a leader even more. With crime analysis, and the process of identifying patterns and relationships between crime data and other relevant data sources to prioritize and target police activity, a clear understanding of all this is vital. The computerized reports derived from court ordered long-distance telephone billings in an illegal drug trafficking, know as telephone toll analysis, is not for the faint of mind. These advanced technological advances are a key indication of the knowledge of a police leader and its importance. With knowledge being a huge factor, it is important to know your surroundings and what type of undertaking to implore. Knowing what has come before and how it has worked is a success that a leader in policing needs to understand. The main aspect knows about the current police era, which revolves around community policing. Within the policing model, the grade of police professionalism and the understanding of how it impacts everyday life is essential. How the mobilizing of officers along with crime analysis and the use of crime lab impacts the improvement of the quality officers. Along with police professionalism is the military model that follows. This focused on specialized work, such as detectives and certain field agencies. The enhance training of officers and the ability for them to adapt to like situations and better their response and skills with the community. The last step of the military model deals with the bureaucratic form of organization. In conclusion leadership as it pertains to public administration is one of the most powerful weapons that our country tends to over look. The amount of time and money that is poured into todays policing and the roles that law enforcement play, are vital in the survival and safety of our neighborhoods. The progress that those who take the leadership roles says a lot about their character, and their person. People look towards a leader, and for someone to take control and guide them. It is with this importance, just as the importance of the implementations of certain elements that were brought into policing over the past century , that leadership and the strength of this characteristic stay strong and be as important as policing strategies and policing models. Followers want honest, decisive, and competent leaders, and that is something they along with the public deserve and thats why leadership within policing is extremely important.
Thursday, November 28, 2019
8 Inflectional Morphemes in English Full List Examples
Table of Contents Introduction: Inflectional Morphemes in English Inflectional Morphemes: Examples Inflectional Morphemes: Main Features Morphological Composition 8 Inflectional Morphemes Second Language Phonology Phonological Processes Parameters of English Consonants Conclusion: Inflectional Morphemes in English Works Cited Introduction: Inflectional Morphemes in English According to the Cambridge dictionary, the meaning of inflection in grammar is â€Å"a change in or addition to the form of a word that shows a change in the way it is used in sentences.†Inflectional morphemes system in English is regarded as quite â€Å"poor†since it has quite â€Å"little inflectional morphology†as compared to other languages (Denham Lobeck 158). Thus, there are only 8 inflectional morphemes that indicate at the form and the tense of a word.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on 8 Inflectional Morphemes in English: Full List Examples specifical ly for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The list of inflectional morphemes includes: s – is an indicator of a plural form of nouns s’ – marks the possessive form of nouns s – is attached to verbs in the third person singular ed – is an indicator of the past tense of verbs ing – indicates the present participle en – marks past participle er – is attached to adjectives to show a comparative form est – is an indicator of the superlative form of adjectives Inflectional Morphemes: Examples Here are some examples of inflectional morphemes using in English. The verb â€Å"to mark†has many forms: mark (basic form), marking (present continuous), marked (past simple), etc. We add the inflectional morphemes (the endings) like -ed and -ing to the basic form of the verb to indicate its tense. Inflectional Morphemes: Main Features It is worth mentioning that inflectional morphemes do not creat e new words. They only change the form of a word indicating â€Å"grammatical function†of a word (Denham Lobeck 69). Thus, certain inflectional affixes serve their purpose to create specific forms of the word. That’s their main difference from another morphemes type – derivational morphemes that are used to create new words in English. Due to the peculiarities of the English morphology, morphemes indicating plural form and past tense form can vary in pronunciations. So, some inflectional morphemes can have several allomorphs. For instance, the choice of allomorph in English morphology may depend on phonetic or grammatical conditions (Brinton Brinton 91). Allomorphs that are phonetically determined indicate plural forms and present tense form [s], [z], [iz], and signs of the past tense form [t] and [d] in inflectional morphemes. Examples of this can be found when a word ends in a voiceless consonant or a fricative (cat, map). In these cases, the speaker should choose allomorph [s]. Whereas for words ending in voiced consonants or vowels, it is necessary to use allomorph [z], in case a word ends in affricate allomorph [iz] should be used. As for grammatically conditioned allomorphs, some of them are fish, sheep, mice, children, oxen, criteria, stimuli. They are formed by not productive endings, which are â€Å"linguistic fossils†or borrowings (Brinton Brinton 92). Morphological Composition In terms of the concept of inflectional morphemes, it is also important to single out the concept of morphs. According to Brinton and Brinton, a lexical morph is â€Å"the concrete realization of a morpheme,†i.e., it is the way the word is actually pronounced (Brinton Brinton 83).Advertising Looking for term paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, such words as fish or sheep, do not have the definite realization of plural form, they are written and pro nounced in the same way as in singular. However, the word is used in the plural form (due to context). In English morphology, words have zero morphs, which do not have a phonetic or written realization. There are two types of morphs, free and bound. Bound morphs cannot occur as separate words; they can be only components of a word, whereas free morphs can be a separate word; they are usually roots. It is necessary to point out that a morph can contain several lexical affixes in English. Thus, a simple word can have quite complicated morphological composition. This can be illustrated by the morphological analysis of the words me and his: me 2 morphemes { I } + {accusative form} his 2 morphemes { he } + {possessive form} Thus, there are no inflectional morphemes, and no allomorphs are used. Instead, new stems are created. In this case, such change is determined by the historical aspect. These forms were developed from the word form from Old English. 8 Inflectional Morphemes Second La nguage Phonology Phonology is one of the first important aspects that influence affixation in English (Brinton Brinton 11). It is the study of sounds in English. Reputedly, the range of sound which people can produce is extensive. People do not use in their native language every sound they can produce; the scope of sounds in each language is quite limited. Thus, in different languages occur sounds not used in other languages. For instance, such sounds as [ÃŽâ€] can be quite confusing for learners of English as the second language, especially when there is no such sound in their native language. The sound [ÃŽâ€] is often substituted by [d]. One can explain this by the parallel distribution of these sounds.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on 8 Inflectional Morphemes in English: Full List Examples specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, [ÃŽâ€] is produced at the upper teeth, and [d] is produced at the upper g um. This can be an explanation of why these sounds sounds often substitute each other. For example, the following group of words can illustrate this phenomenon: that [dat], dog [dÉ‘É ¡], head [hÃŽ µd], leather [lÃŽ µÃŽâ€Ã‰â„¢] leader [liÃŽâ€Ã‰â„¢]. Other examples of commonly substituted sounds are the following: [s] and [ÊÆ']. This set of sounds can also be characterized by parallel distribution; both sounds are produced approximately likewise, at the upper gum. These sounds confusion may be exemplified by the following sets: sing [ÊÆ'É ªÃ…‹], sat [sat], loss [lÉ‘s], fish [fÉ ªÃŠÆ'], miss [mÉ ªÃŠÆ'], push [pus]. Of course, native speakers differentiate easily between these sounds and, in fact, such sounds can be characterized by complementary distribution for them. However, a learner for English can confuse these sets of sounds due to their similar place of articulation, especially if there are no such sounds in the native language of this learner. In case if similar sounds occur in the native language, a learner of English will differentiate between these sounds as well, and they are in the complementary distribution for this learner. However, if there are no such sounds in the native language the pairs [ÃŽâ€] and [d], [s] and [ÊÆ'] will be in parallel distribution and, for example, such pairs as [ÃŽâ€] and [b], [s] and [k] will be in complementary distribution. Thus, for such learners (not accustomed to such sounds) the following words will be pronounced as follows: Daddy [dà ¦di], either [aidÉ™], loathe [lÉ™ud], ship [sip], pass [pÉ‘ÊÆ'], dish [diÊÆ'], usher [ÊÅ'sÉ™]. Phonological Processes There are several major phonological processes in English. One of the most common phonological processes is assimilation. Assimilation is a process when one sound influences the other sound. This rule can be illustrated by the impact of nasal consonants on vowels. For instance, the sound [à ¦] (like in words cat [kà ¦t], sat [sà ¦t]) will be pronounced like [à £] before nasal sounds: Pam [pà £m], Sam [sà £m], pan [pà £n]. Another important phonological process is aspiration. In English voiceless consonants are aspirated when they occur at the beginning of the word or at the end of the word.Advertising Looking for term paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is necessary to tell that such kinds of consonants are not aspirated when they are preceded by s. So the pattern /t/ – [tË º] illustrates this phonological process. It can be exemplified by: sat [satË º], met [me tË º], let [le tË º]. Of course, many words can be characterized by several phonological processes. For instance, such set like /tÉ›npeÉ ªÃŠ ¤z/ – [tÊ °Ã‰â€ºmpÊ °eÉ ªÃŠ ¤Ã‰â„¢z] displays such processes as assimilation [n] – [m], aspiration [tÊ °], deletion [Ê ¤z] – [Ê ¤z]. Another phonological process, exchanging syllable onsets, is often displayed in children English (Denham and Lobeck 118). For instance, the word elephant can be pronounced as [É›fÉ™lÉ›nt]. Another phonological process is determined by dialectal varieties. For instance, in African American Vernacular English, final voiced consonants are often devoiced (YavaÅŸ 62). This process can be illustrated by the following examples: [hÉ›p], [pik]. One more di alectal variety is Southern English, which is characterized by the substitution of [e] by [i] before nasal consonants (YavaÅŸ 82). Parameters of English Consonants 17 is between both 3s, 11 is vibrating, and 8-9 is closed. Sound: [ÃŽâ€] 16 is completely touching 5, 11 is vibrating, and 8-9 is closed. Sound: [r] 16 is close to 5, 11 is open and 8-9 is open. Sound: [l] 14 is completely touching 8, 11 is open, and 8-9 is closed. Sound: [k] 14 is completely touching 8, 11 is vibrating, and 8-9 is open. Sound: [g] 2 on the bottom is close to 3 on the top, 11 is vibrating, and 8-9 is closed. Sound: [v] Both 2s are completely touching, 11 is open, and 8-9 is closed. Sound: [p] Both 2s are completely touching, 11 is vibrating, and 8-9 is open. Sound: [b] Conclusion: Inflectional Morphemes in English Inflectional morphemes show whether a word has the plural, comparative, or possessive form, and whether it is in a past or present tense. Unlike derivational morphemes, they do not create n ew words. This essay tells how many inflectional morphemes are there in English, provides the full list of them, and gives some examples of inflectional morphemes using. Works Cited Brinton, L. J. Brinton, D. M. The Linguistic Structure of Modern English. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. Denham, K. Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2009. YavaÅŸ, M. S. Applied English Phonology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006. This term paper on 8 Inflectional Morphemes in English was written and submitted by user PrettyBoy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.
Sunday, November 24, 2019
The Decision To Drop The Atomic Bomb Essays - Japan, Free Essays
The Decision To Drop The Atomic Bomb Essays - Japan, Free Essays The Decision To Drop The Atomic Bomb Maria Tidwell World Cultures III Professor Longfellow 26 November 2000 The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb On August 6th 1945, the world changed forever. The United States dropped the first Atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The surviving witness Miyoko Watanabe describes her experience: I came out of the front dooran intense yellow, orange and white light overwhelmed me the light was thousands of times brighter than a magnesium flash gunI went inside to hideThere were strange sounds, crashing noises and jolts, and I kept no track of the timeI locked back to see how my mom was. She looked worse then a devilish witch. (47) The heat was intolerable; everywhere Miyoko looked there were wounded and dying people, bleeding from all over their bodies like her mom. Miyoko continues, Those who fled from one or one and a half kilometer from the hypocenter really did have to step over bodies and shake off hands grasping their legs for help. When someone caught hold of their shoes they just had to leave their precious shoes and flee otherwise they wouldnt survive(49). A friend of Miyoko told her that he had to leave his sister to die in the flames to save his life. That day, according to the Japan Times, 140,000 died as a direct result of the bombing. Later the total number of victims claimed in Hiroshima City came to 217,137. There is one question that comes to my mind reading these terrible stories from the victims of Hiroshima; was this necessary? Scholars have discussed the question for more than half a century. However, they all agree that the answer to this question does not make the use of atomic weapons seem less awesome or less awful, but it merely throw different light on it. The main argument defending the decision to drop the bomb is that it was necessary to end the war. Richard B. Frank in his book, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire defends the American decision. Relying on a host of original documentary sources, most notably the Japanese messages that were intercepted and decoded by the American forces, he presents a researched work that attempts to explain what might have happened if the bombs had not been dropped. The reader is left with the unshakable conclusion that the use of the bomb was a necessary evilthat the government of Japan was not ready to surrender, and even after the bombing of Hiroshima, the decision was to fight on. However, the conclusion of his book is that the bombing of Nagasaki (though nowhere near as damaging as the bombing of Hiroshima) persuaded the Japanese cabinet that the bomb was not a one off event, and that they faced certain destruction if they didn't sue for peace. According to Frank, Most American strategists believed that the war with Japan would be a long drown out operation with Japans fanatical resistance extracting mounting casualties the closer the American forces drew to the Home Islands (21). To understand this position, it is necessary to take a closer look at the American experience with the Japanese, during the war. The Japanese were known by their culture of no surrender; they would rather die than surrender. Particularly, in the Japanese military forces this tradition was prominent. Frank continues with a terrible example of this, The first intimations that the Japanese would literally choose death over surrenderand not merely an elite warrior caste but the rank and filecame in August 1942 at Guadalcanal. Two small Imperial Navy island garrisons fought to virtual extinction. Major general Alexander Archer Vandegrift, the Marine commander wrote: I have never heard or read of this kind of fighting. These people refuse to surrender. The wounded wait until men come up to examine themand blow themselves and the other fellow to pieces with a hand grenade(28). Another example, maybe as shocking, happened at the island of Saipan; nearly 30,000 Japanese soldiers fought to the death, only 921 (3 percent) were taken prisoner. On this Island there were 20,000 civilians. Only 10,258 surrendered; the rest chose death. In a carnival of death that shocked even battle-hardened Marines, whole families waded into the sea to drown together or huddled
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Survey on Security in Electronic Voting Systems Essay
Survey on Security in Electronic Voting Systems - Essay Example Due to this, the system provides uniqueness of votes ensuring that no voter can vote more than once. The receipt that the voter receives after casting a ballot cannot be used to prove to any third party that they cast a specific vote with the intention to coerce them. The system also allows for the verification of individual votes to assure the voters that their votes have been accurately recorded. This can be achieved by inspecting both sides of the ballot paper and checking to see if the unique random number on the voting receipt is on the bulletin board. It also provides accountability such that third parties can confirm that the voting process was valid. The results are only released after the official counting is complete to ensure fairness and to discourage malicious actions by observers. The end to end verification system which allows the detection of malicious behavior at various stages of the voting process also reduces chances of invalid votes. The disadvantages of the syst em: The main disadvantages of the system are the security issues involved in electronic voting. Data is susceptible to interruptions and alteration by the installation of viruses in online databases by operators with malicious intentions. There is also unequal access to the internet by voters due to unequal chances of acquiring equipment necessary for electronic voting. Due to the differences in salaries, some voters may be left out from the voting process. The system can be improved by several methods. The E-voting scheme is only applicable for general elections with several contending candidates which feature the majority and plurality style election styles. The scheme can be improved to function in proportional representation. The system is however vulnerable. Parties that are entrusted to execute the algorithm of scheme may compromise the system to work in an abnormal way. The installation of a virus onto the databases could also lead to discrepancies in the results of the votin g process. The article on a practical secret voting scheme for large scale elections proposes a secret voting system which involves voters, an administrator and a counter which can be replaced with a public board as the participants of the process. It is applicable for a large scale election where it protects the privacy of the voter and ensures the fairness of the voting process regardless of the actions of the administrator and counter. Every voter has a unique ordinary signature scheme while the administrator has a blind signature scheme. The counter is only tasked with the creation and publish of a list of ballots. The system has several advantages: It solves the fairness and privacy issues portrayed in the previous methods of the encryption of files and sending of ballots through secret means of communication. The security of the scheme is ensured by the correct counting of all valid votes. The process is clear, sound and accountable and promotes fairness to discourage dishones ty in voters that would affect the process. The votes are kept private. The voters have to provide their credentials which ensures that every voter is qualified and to prevent the casting
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13
Reflection - Essay Example As one such leader, practicing honesty in all aspects of my role is paramount. My communication and actions should show honesty. Trust is finds its base on honesty. Honest ethical leader bases his argument on facts and this facilitates employees to depend and rely on him. A leader is about a better position to practice integrity if he is honest. Integrating honesty in my leadership style entails effective reasoning through facts. Claiming that you are honest without actual practice the virtue amounts to poor leadership. Every action of an ethical leadership requires transparency and truthfulness (Reilly, Sirgy & Gorman, 2012). Transparency and accountability are indications of honesty in ethical leadership. Incorporating honesty in decision making for an ethical leader entails using the facts as the basis of reasoning. Communication of the facts to the affected parties should be through truthfulness. The action of the leader during making of such decisions should clearly point toward honesty. This makes it easier for the people on the receiving end to appreciate the decision. The second important value for me as an ethical leader is commitment. It is the dedication of an ethical leader to the organization. Commitment entails not giving up or losing focus when the situation becomes unmanageable. Commitment by an ethical leader calls for perseverance throughout the course of leadership. It is a solemn promise that you will stick to the course even during trying moments. A committed leader invests fully in the organization. The investment is in terms of emotional, mental and physical dedication. Focusing full attention and energy make exemplary committed ethical leaders. Another aspect of commitment, which is important involves being ready to sacrifice personal interests in pursuit of the organizational objectives. To instill commitment among employees in an organization, a demonstration through action by the leader is
Monday, November 18, 2019
The low-cost Airline Ryanair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
The low-cost Airline Ryanair - Essay Example In any industry, several forces in conjunction form the success or failure of any firm that operates in it. These forces include those factors, which affect a business from outside its immediate environment, which is the macro environment. Porter’s Five Forces Model makes it easier for one to analyze these various factors in relation to any industry, as it outlines the basic factors, which one should observe to understand a company’s chances for success and market attractiveness. Ryanair, an airline in the transportation industry, forms an interesting choice of company which one can analyze using this model. To start, one needs to have a brief idea about Ryanair. It is a low-cost airline, which is the second largest airline in Europe, and belongs to the transportation sector of the tourism industry. The reason it forms such an interesting choice is that it is one of the largest in the world in terms of international passenger number and the second largest (Amason, 2010) in terms of passenger number. This success of the airline is intriguing, and leads one to wonder whether the success can be explained by the recent deregulations that happened in the aviation industry in Europe in 1997 or whether it is due to the low-cost business model that Ryanair operates under. Either way, it is an intriguing case for anyone interested in studying companies from a business management aspect (Amason, 2010). Porter’s Five Forces Model includes firms, which study the competitive environment of the firm. ... In relation to the competition it faces from other firms, Ryanair competes against several rivals. These include another low-cost Irish airline Aer Lingus, which came into direct competition with Ryanair ever since it switched to a low-cost business model. Other competitors include MyTravelLite and Go (Hoffman, 2007), both of which were at a point in time, in competition with Ryanair, although it was not long before Ryanair was able to beat them due to its low cost strategies. Aer Arann and CityJet are some more examples of competition, which Ryanair faces, while EasyJet is this airline’s largest competitor (Hoffman, 2007). The airline industry is one where no one firm can hold monopoly, because each successful firm has different strategies and different core competencies, which earn them a fair share of market share. In addition, it is a large industry, which automatically means there will be several competitors. As for the power of customers, it is not a strong force in this particular industry. The customers are more or less price takers in the airline industry, as there are dozens of airlines, which cater to customers belonging to each price category. While it is true that these airlines use low-cost strategies due to the customers only, it does not mean that the customers have the power to influence the rates of fares of these airlines. Similarly, the power of suppliers is also not very relevant to this industry. The start-up costs as well as any materials and services the airlines use for their planes or operations make a large proportion of their costs. However, their magnitude is what influences the airline’s decisions, not the wishes or demands of the suppliers, which makes the power
Friday, November 15, 2019
Transformer Oil Or Insulating Oil Engineering Essay
Transformer Oil Or Insulating Oil Engineering Essay CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Transformer is one of the most useful appliances ever invented. Transformer can raise or lower the voltage or current in alternating current (AC) network, the circuit can be isolated from one another, and to increase or decrease the apparent value of a capacitor, inductor, or resistor. Furthermore, the transformer allows us to transmit electricity long distances and to circulate safely in factories and homes. (Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems, 6th Edition). The cost of a transformer is high. The failure of one transformer resulted in a loss in terms of the price of one transformer or in terms of energy supply disruptions to consumers. Therefore, to monitor the transformer oil is one the right way and good for detecting the causes of damage to transformers. 2.2 Transformer Transformer is one of the most important electrical devices. Transformer is widely used in power systems and electronic devices. Transformer can also raise and lower voltage levels and the alternating current to suit application. Transformer can transfer power from one section to another on the same frequency but different voltage levels and currents. Transformer basically consists of two coils of a conductor which acts as an inductor electrically separate but magnetically attached. Transformer consists of two loops wrapped around the core base, core and coil which are a part of the transformer structures. Figure 2.1 shows the general structure of a transformer. When alternating current connected to the transformer primary windings, current will flow through the primary winding. Alternating current flows will create an alternating magnetic flux in the transformer core. The magnetic flux can flow to the secondary winding of the transformer through the transformer core. http://www.electricityforum.com/images/electrical-transformer-design.jpg Figure 2.1 General Structure of Transformer According to the Faraday law, the electromotive force or voltage is induced in the coil-winding transformer when the flux is changes in value. Because of the magnetic flux in the transformer core is an alternating flux whose value is constantly changing over time, the electromotive force or voltage is always induced in the coil-winding transformer. Electromotive force in the primary winding is known as the self-induced electromotive force is due to the flux generated by the coil itself. While the electromotive force induced in the secondary winding is known as mutual induction electromotive force due to the induced electromotive force is caused by magnetic flux generated from the primary winding. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows: (Equation 2.1) By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an AC voltage to be stepped up by making Ns greater than Np, or stepped down by making Ns less than Np. There are many types of transformer are designed to meet the specific industrial applications. These include autotransformer, control, current, distribution, general-purpose, instrument, isolation, potential (voltage), power, step-up, and step-down. To avoid rapid damage of the insulating materials inside a transformer, sufficient cooling of the windings and the core must be provided. Indoor transformers below 200 kVA can be directly cooled by the natural flow of the surrounding air. The metallic housing is equipped with ventilating louvres so that the convection currents that can flow over the windings and around the core. Large transformers can be constructed in the same way, but the forced circulation of fresh air must be provided. Such as a dry-type transformers are used inside the building, away from the hostile atmosphere. Distribution transformers below 200 kVA are usually immersed in mineral oil and sealed in a steel tank. Oil carries the heat away to the tank, which it is lost by radiation and convection to the outside air. Insulating oil is much better than air, consequently, it is often used in high voltage transformers. As the power rating increased, external radiators are added to increase cooling surface of the tank contains oil. Oil circulates around the transformer windings and moving through the radiator, where heat released into the surrounding air. For still higher levels, cooling fans blow air over the radiators. For transformers in the megawatt range, cooling can be effected by the oil-water heat exchanger. Hot oil drawn from the transformer tank is pumped into the heat exchanger where it flowing through the pipes that are in contact with cold water. Such as heat exchanger are very effective, but also very expensive, because water itself must continuously cool and recirculated. Some large transformers are designed to have multiple ratings, depending on the cooling method used. Thus, the transformer may have triple ratings depending on whether it is cooled by: the natural circulation of air (AO) for 18000 kVA, or forced-air cooling with fans (FA) for 24000 kVA, or the forced circulation of oil accompanied by forced-air cooling (FOA) for 32000 kVA. These elaborate cooling systems are nevertheless economical because they enable a much greater output from the transformer of a given size and weight. The type of transformer cooling is designated by the following symbols: AA dry-type, self-cooled AFA dry-type, forced-air cooled OA oil-immersed, self-cooled OA/FA oil-immersed, self-cooled/forced-air cooled AO/FA/FOA oil-immersed, self-cooled/forced-air cooled/forced-air, forced-oil cooled The temperature rise by the resistance of oil-immersed transformers is either 55 °C or 65 °C. The temperature must be kept low to preserve the oil quality. By contrast, the temperature rise of dry-type transformer may be as high as 180 °C, depending on the type of insulation used. TEMCo offers the largest selection of High Voltage Transformers.GE Ventilated Dry-type Transformer Figure 2.2 Dry-Type Transformer Figure 2.3 Oil-Immersed Transformer 2.3 Transformer Oil Transformer oil or insulating oil is usually a highly-refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil-filled transformers. Transformer oil is likened to be the blood within the transformer body. It must be periodically tested to monitor condition of the transformer. Transformer oil serves three basic functions which are to insulate, to cool and maintain the transformer functions at all times. To keep these functions the industry has agreed on certain standards. The two leading transformer oil specifications in the world are IEC 60296 and ASTM D 3487. In these standards there are many specific requirement and limits based on physical and chemical properties. Many of these properties and their limitations stem from the chemistry of refined mineral oils in combination with application specific requirements of electrical insulation. In an age when alternative to mineral oil being developed, it is important both to know what is desirable and what is likely to achieved in technical terms. Whereas some brands of transformer oil could only meet the specifications, the others excel. In the end, transformer oil consumers should decide which properties are most important to their intended use. Technical specifications also have an impact on issues such as asset management, maintenance planning and investment budget. To aid decisions in these fields it is helpful to have a basic understanding of the science underlying specifications and limitations. In Malaysia, mostly used transformer oil is mineral crude oils (uninhibited mineral oils) which contains Paraffic, Naphteric or mixed. It is supplied by Hyrax Oil Sdn. Bhd. 2.3.1 Transformer Oil Properties The main function of transformer oil is insulating and cooling of the transformer. It should have the following properties: High dielectric strength and good dielectric properties resulting in minimum power loss. Low viscosity improves cooling. Freedom from inorganic acids, alkali, and corrosive sulphur. Resistant to emulsification. Rapid settling of arc products. Low pour point. High flash point resulting in low evaporation losses due to high thermal stability. High resistivity gives better insulation values between windings. Excellent interfacial tension for quick water separation. Proven resistance to electrical stresses. High electrical strength. Remarkably low sludge and acidity formation in both ageing and oxidation tests gives longer life to oil and equipment during storage and service. 2.3.2 Theory of Transformer Oil Parameters Water Content The standard for measuring water contain in oil is IEC 60814. (Marcel Dekker, 1990). The important function in transformer oil is to provide electrical insulation. When oil has higher moisture content, it can reduce the insulating properties of the oil, which may result in dielectric breakdown. This is the particular importance with fluctuating temperatures because, transformer will cools down if any dissolved water will become free and this oil become poor insulating power and fluid degradation. (Azliza binti Mohd Jelan,2009). Breakdown Voltage Dielectric strength is one of the important properties in insulation field. Breakdown voltage in insulating material is the maximum electric field strength that it can be withstand intrinsically without breaking down and without experiencing failure of its insulating properties, dielectric strength also means that a certain configuration and electrode dielectric material that produces minimal damage to the electric field. (Rohaina bt Jaafar, 2003). Breakdown strength in liquid according to various factors influenced in the experiment which is electrode material and surface state, geometry electrode, the presence of chemical pollutants, the presence of physical pollutants, oil molecular structure, temperature and pressure. There also various factors in the theory of voltage breakdown which is like electronic theory, suspended particle theory, cavitations theory and bubble theory were postulated. (Olive Oil from the Tree to the Table). Dielectric strength is also very dependent on the time and method of tension, purity materials, the type of tension as well as experimental and environmental parameters, until set of dielectric strength unique to the specific material is difficult, a range of values can be found and used for application purposes. (Noraniza binti Toriman, 2003). Figure 2.4 Heating / Cooling Curve of Oil (Ahmad Norhakimi bin Ibrihim @ Ibrahim, 2010) 2.3.3 Types of Transformer Oil Mineral Transformer Oil (Mineral Based Oil) A mineral oil or liquid petroleum is a liquid by-product of the distillation of petroleum to produce gasoline and other petroleum based products from crude oil. A mineral oil in this sense is a transparent, colourless oil composed mainly of alkenes (typically 15 to 40 carbons) and cyclic paraffin, related to petroleum jelly (also known as white petrolatum). It has a density of around 0.8 g/cm3. Mineral oil is a substance of relatively low value, and it is produced in very large quantities. Mineral oil is available in light and heavy grades, and can often be found in drug stores. There are three basic classes of refined mineral oils: Paraffinic oils, based on n-alkenes. Naphthenic oils, based on cycloalkanes. Aromatic oils, based on aromatic hydrocarbons (not to be confused with essential oils). Table 2.1 Properties of Mineral Transformer Oil (http://www.substech.com) Property Value in metric unit Value in US unit Density at 60 °F (15.6 °C) 0.880 *10 ³ kg/m ³ 54.9 lb/ft ³ Kinematic viscosity at 68 °F (20 °C) 22 cSt 22 cSt Kinematic viscosity at 212 °F (100 °C) 2.6 cSt 2.6 cSt Fire point 170  °C 338  °F Pour Point -50  °C -58  °F Flash point 160  °C 320  °F Auto ignition point 280  °C 536  °F Specific heat capacity 1860 J/(kg*K) 0.444 BTU/(lb* °F) Thermal conductivity at 20 °C (68 °F) 0.126 W/(m*K) 0.875 BTU*in/(hr*ft ²* °F) Thermal expansion at 20 °C (68 °F) 7.5*10-4  °Cˆ°Ã‚ ¹ 4.2*10-4 in/(in*  °F) Breakdown strength min.70 kV min.70 kV Dielectric dissipation factor at 90 °C (194 °F) max.0.002 max.0.002 Permittivity at 20 °C (68 °F) 2.2 2.2 Silicon Transformer Oil (Polydimethylsiloxane based fluid) Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones. PDMS is the most widely used silicon-based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or flow) properties. PDMS is optically clear, and, in general, is considered to be inert, non-toxic and non-flammable. It is occasionally called dimethicone and is one of several types of silicone oil (polymerized siloxane). Its applications range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; it is present, also, in shampoos (as dimethicone makes hair shiny and slippery), caulking, lubricating oils, and heat-resistant tiles. Table 2.2 Properties of Silicon Transformer Oil (http://www.substech.com) Property Value in metric unit Value in US unit Density at 60 °F (15.6 °C) 0.960 *10 ³ kg/m ³ 59.9 lb/ft ³ Kinematic viscosity at 68 °F (20 °C) 55 cSt 55 cSt Kinematic viscosity at 212 °F (100 °C) 15 cSt 15 cSt Fire point min.350  °C min.662  °F Pour Point max.-50  °C max.-58  °F Flash point min.300  °C min.572  °F Auto ignition point 435  °C 815  °F Specific heat capacity 1510 J/(kg*K) 0.360 BTU/(lb* °F) Thermal conductivity at 20 °C (68 °F) 0.15 W/(m*K) 1.019 BTU*in/(hr*ft ²* °F) Thermal expansion at 20 °C (68 °F) 10.4*10-4  °Cˆ°Ã‚ ¹ 5.8*10-4 in/(in*  °F) Breakdown strength 50 kV 50 kV Dielectric dissipation factor at 90 °C (194 °F) max.0.001 max.0.001 Permittivity at 20 °C (68 °F) 2.7 2.7 Synthetic Transformer Oil (Organic Esters Based Fluid) Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds which are artificially made (synthesized) using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil. Synthetic oil is used as a substitute for lubricant refined from petroleum when operating in extremes of temperature, because it generally provides superior mechanical and chemical properties than those found in traditional mineral oils. Table 2.3 Properties of Synthetic Transformer Oil (http://www.substech.com) Property Value in metric unit Value in US unit Density at 60 °F (15.6 °C) 0.970 *10 ³ kg/m ³ 60.6 lb/ft ³ Kinematic viscosity at 68 °F (20 °C) 70 cSt 70 cSt Kinematic viscosity at 212 °F (100 °C) 5.3 cSt 5.3 cSt Fire point 322  °C 612  °F Pour Point -60  °C -76  °F Flash point 275  °C 527  °F Autoignition point 438  °C 820  °F Specific heat capacity 1880 J/(kg*K) 0.448 BTU/(lb* °F) Thermal conductivity at 20 °C (68 °F) 0.144 W/(m*K) 0.98 BTU*in/(hr*ft ²* °F) Thermal expansion at 20 °C (68 °F) 7.5*10-4  °Cˆ°Ã‚ ¹ 4.2*10-4 in/(in*  °F) Breakdown strength min.75 kV min.75 kV Dielectric dissipation factor at 90 °C (194 °F) max.0.006 max.0.006 Permitivity at 20 °C (68 °F) 3.2 3.2 2.3.4 Transformer Oil Testing Regular sampling and testing of insulation oil taken from transformers is a valuable technique in a preventative maintenance program. If a proactive approach is adopted based on the condition of the transformer oil, the life of the transformer can be extended. Hence, transformer oil must be periodically tested to ensure its basic electrical properties. These tests can be divided into: Liquid Power Factor The IEC standard method for this test is IEC 247. This involves measuring the power loss through a thin film of liquid test. Water, contamination, and the decay products of oil oxidation tend to increase the power factor of oil. The new oil has very low power factor less than 0.1% at 25  ° C and 1.0% at 90  ° C. As the oil ages and moisture accumulates, or if the unit is contaminated, the liquid power factor tends to increase. Many owners make the mistake of having this transformer testing at only one temperature. While the test is more sensitive to 90  ° C, both the temperature should be used. The relationship between 25  ° and 90 ° values can assist in making the diagnosis as to whether the problem of moisture, oxidation, or contamination. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Dielectric Breakdown Strength The dielectric breakdown voltage is a measure of the ability of the oil to withstand electric stress. Dry and clean oil showed the inherent high breakdown voltage. Free water and solid particles, especially the latter in combination with high levels of dissolved water, tend to migrate to areas of high electric stress and dramatically reduce the breakdown voltage. The measurement of breakdown voltage, therefore, serves primarily to indicate the presence of contaminants such as water or conducting particles. A low breakdown voltage can be indicating that one or more of these are present. However, a high breakdown voltage does not necessarily indicate the absence of all contaminants. This test was conducted in accordance with IEC 156. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Moisture The purpose of dielectric tests are conducted is to ensure the monitoring moisture can be done directly. IEC 733 is a well established and can measure the moisture down to the low part of the million levels. While the acceptable values have been set by the voltage class for moisture, these are somewhat misleading. A truer picture of moisture in the transformer must be taken into account so that percentage saturation of the oil by moisture and percentage moisture by dry weight of the solid insulation can be calculated. A transformer at 20  ° C that containing 20 ppm moisture in oil is considerably wetter than a same unit, with a similar 20 ppm moisture, but it is operating at 40  ° C. The new transformer must be less than 0.5% moisture by dry weight. Anything more than 3.0% (or 30% saturation) is considered very wet. Many owners dehydrate transformer when the moisture level exceed 1.5 to 2.0% moisture by dry weight. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Neutralization Number (Acidity) This value, measured by IEC standard method IEC 1125A reported as mg KOH / g sample, reports the relative amount of oil oxidation products, especially acids, alcohol and soap. As oil continues to oxidize, the acid increased gradually, generally over the years. Running the acid number regularly provides guidance as to how far oxidation of the oil has proceeded. The acceptable limit by the test is usually used as general guidelines to determine when the oil should be replaced or reclaimed. Acceptable values for acid number are 0.20 and lower. Unacceptable values are over 0.20.These are the values that are used by TNB. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Interfacial Tension The test methods for interfacial tension (IFT), IEC 6295, measuring the strength in mN/m from the interface that will form between service aged oil and distilled water. Because the decay products of oil oxidation are oil and water soluble, their presence would tend to weaken the interface and reduce the interfacial tension value. Brand new oil is often 40-50 mN/m. A value that is acceptable for the in-service oil is greater than 25 mN/m or greater; unacceptable results are below 28 mN/m. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Colour/Visual Field inspection of liquid insulation (IEC 296) includes examination for the presence of cloudy or sediment and the general appearance as well as a colour inspection. As oil ages, it will be darken gradually. Very dark oil or oil that changes drastically over a short period of time may indicate a problem. Any cloudiness or sediment indicates the presence of free water or particles that may be harmful to continued the equipment operation. Taken alone, without considering the past history or other test parameters, the colour is not very important to diagnose transformer problems. If the oil has an acrid or unusual odor, consideration should be given to carrying out further tests. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Sludge/Sediment The IEC 296 test distinguishes between the sediment and sludge. Sediment is an insoluble substance present in the oil. Sediment may consist of insoluble oxidation or degradation products of solid or liquid materials, solid products such as carbon or metallic oxide and fibres or other foreign matter. Sludge is polymerized oxidation products of solid and liquid insulating material. Sludge is soluble in oil up to a certain limit. At sludge levels above this, the sludge comes out of the solution contributing an additional component to the sediment. The presence of sludge and sediment can change the electrical properties of the oil and prevent the exchange of heat, so encouraging damage to the insulating material. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Inhibitor Content Inhibited oil deteriorates more slowly than uninhibited oil so long as active oxidation inhibitor is present. However, after the oxidation inhibitor is consumed, the oil can be oxidized at a higher level. Determination of oxidation inhibitor remaining in the in-service transformer oil is based on IEC 666. (A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Dissolved Gas Analysis In contrast to the tests and the methods discussed to this point, the dissolved gas analysis (DGA) did not measure the gradual changes in the quality of oil. DGA has a very limited utility in determining the continued suitability of the transformer oil. The purpose and functions of the DGA is to provide an indication as to whether there may be an active or incipient transformer fault affecting the operation and continued health of the equipment. DGA is used to detect and measure nine of dissolved gases which are Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Methane, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Ethan, Ethylene, and Acetylene. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Dissolved Metals Analysis Analysis of dissolved metals (in particular, for the three metals: iron, copper, and aluminium) can be used in further identifying the location of transformer faults discovered by dissolved gas analysis. For example, the dissolved metal analysis indicating the presences of conductor metals may indicate a fault is occurring in the winding or at a connection while the presence of iron indicates involvement of the core steel. (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) Furanic Compounds When paper breaks down, the cellulose chains are broken and glucose molecules (which serve as the building blocks of the cellulose) are chemically changed. Each of the glucose monomer molecules that are removed from the polymer chain becomes one of a series of related compounds called furans or furanic compounds. Because these furanic compounds are partially soluble in oil, they are present in both the oil and the paper. Measuring the concentration of the oil can tell us a little more about the paper. The standard method typically tests for five compounds that are normally only present in the oil as a result of the paper breaking down. Those five compounds, and their probable causes, are 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, 5H2F (typically formed by oxidation of paper), 2-furyl alcohol, 2FOL (typically formed in connection with a high moisture content), 2-furaldehyde, 2FAL (very common, formed by all overheating and aging conditions), 2-acetyl furan, 2ACF (very rare, may be related to elec trical stress), and 5-methyl-2furaldehyde, 5M2F (typically formed as a result of overheating). (A Guide To Transformer Oil Analysis, by I.A.R. GRAY) 2.3.4 Instrument / Device for Transformer Oil Testing Oil Test Set (Megger OTS 60 PB) The OTS 60PB is a 0 60 kV, battery powered portable dielectric strength oil test set. Its size and weight make it suitable for on-site assessment of insulating oil quality. The dielectric strength test it performs is an important deciding factor in knowing whether to retain or replace the oil. Breakdown voltage is measured, averaged and displayed under the control of built-in programmed sequences. Go/no-go testing is available. Figure 2.4 Oil Test Set (Megger OTS 60 PB) OTS 60PB follows the oil testing sequences described in many national and other specifications among which are: British BS 148, BS 5730a (automatic proof testing), BS 5874; International IEC 156, American ASTM D877 ASTM D1816, German VDE 0370, French NFC 27, Spanish UNE 21, Italian CEI 10-1, Russian GOCT 6581, South African SABS 555, Australian AS 1767 and Institute of Petroleum IP 295. Two types of withstand (proof) testing of an oil sample are available. The principle with these tests is to subject the oil sample to a specified voltage for a defined length of time (1 minute) to see if it will withstand that voltage. In one of the tests the voltage is removed after a minute, in the other test, the voltage continues to rise after the minute until breakdown or the maximum value is reached. Withstand (proof) tests can be set up to the users own requirements, and then repeatedly called up to quickly test oil under known fixed conditions. The OTS 60PB is used for determining the dielectric strength of liquid insulants such as insulating oils used in transformers, switchgear, cables and other electrical apparatus. It is portable and suitable for testing on site as well as in the laboratory. The test set is fully automatic. The operator has only to prepare the test vessel, load it with sample oil, place it in the test chamber, select the appropriate specification for the tests and then start the test sequence. The test set carries out automatically (and if necessary unattended) the sequence of tests as defined by the pre-selected national specification. Oil testing specifications, for which the set is pre-programmed, are as follows:- Figure 2.5 Oil testing specifications A 5 minute test sequence is also provided so that the operator may quickly obtain an idea of the breakdown value of an oil sample. Two types of semi automatic withstand (proof) testing of an oil sample are available. The principle with these tests is to subject the oil sample to a specified voltage for a defined length of time (1 minute) to see if it will withstand that voltage. In one of the tests the voltage is removed after a minute, in the other test the voltage continues to rise after passing for one minute until breakdown or the maximum value is reached. Withstand (proof) tests can be set up to the users own requirements, and then repeatedly called up to quickly test oil under known fixed conditions. The test results can be reviewed on the LCD or printed via the RS232 interface. An optional, battery operated printer is available to obtain a hard copy of the results. The safety features incorporated in the test sets design include two forced break switches used as described in B S 5304. These are interlocked with the oil vessel loading door. Volumetric titration system Metrohm Titrino SM 702 An automatic potentiometric titration system Titrino SM 702 with Exchange Unit 806 made by Metrohm measured the acidity of the oils. Here the Total Acid Number (TAN) was determined by a volumetric titration with potash to neutralize the carboxylic acids. The titration took place as follows: At first 10 g of the oil were dissolved in 40 ml of solvent toluene / ethanol in a ratio of 5 to 4. Potash (KOH, 0,1 mol/l) was added as titre with volume increments of 0.001 ml or 0.005 ml depending on the expected acidity. The system detects, when the acid-base-equivalence-point EP is reached by a voltage measurement in the solution. From the volume of potash at the EP equation below calculates the acidity as TAN: TAN total acid number EP1 equivalent point C31 blind value of the solvent toluene/ethanol CO1 0.1 mol/L, concentration of titre CO2 1 CO3 56106 g/mol, molar mass of titre CO0 weight of the oil sample Figure 2.6 Volumetric itration systems Metrohm Titrino SM 702 Kelman TRANSPORT X Portable DGA Unit And Moisture In Oil Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is an established technique and is recognised as the most important test in monitoring power transformers. It is now being successfully extended to other oil filled equipment such as tap changers and circuit breakers. The TRANSPORT X unit has been designed to be very rugged and user friendly with an emphasis placed on field operation. The unit is used by over 200 companies and utilities and has sold in excess of 600 units worldwide. Figure 2.7 Kelman TRANSPORT X Portable DGA Unit And Moisture In Oil The TRANSPORT X test uses state of the art infrared measurement technology to give accurate, reliable results in a matter of minutes. The TRANSPORT X product represents an invaluable tool for Asset Management and will increase the power of any DGA program. Extensive field and laboratory use worldwide has proven that the TRANSPORT X test gives highly reliable results and that it is genuinely suitable for field conditions. The TRANSPORT X equip
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism Essay -- Philosophy Morality John
John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism Utilitarianism defined, is the contention that a man should judge everything based on the ability to promote the greatest individual happiness. In other words Utilitarianism states that good is what brings the most happiness to the most people. John Stuart Mill based his utilitarian principle on the decisions that we make. He says the decisions should always benefit the most people as much as possible no matter what the consequences might be. Mill says that we should weigh the outcomes and make our decisions based on the outcome that benefits the majority of the people. This leads to him stating that pleasure is the only desirable consequence of our decision or actions. Mill believes that human beings are endowed with the ability for conscious thought, and they are not satisfied with physical pleasures, but they strive to achieve pleasure of the mind as well. He claims that people seek pleasure and reject pain. There were some moral problems that Mill ran into with his principle. One of the first problems was that actions are right to promote happiness, but wrong as they sometimes tend to produce unhappiness. By moving a victim from a mangled car would be the noble thing to do but what if pulling him from the wreck meant killing him. He intended to produce a happy outcome, but in the end he created an unhappy situation. Utilitarianism declares that men can live just as well without happiness. Mill says yes, but men do not conduct their lives, always seeking happiness. Happiness does not always mean total bliss. Another problem is that some pleasures are more alluring than others. Pleasure does not deal with just quantity, quality is also important. The old saying, â€Å"You ... ...ale. I think that people intend to do good and the people that produce a bad outcome due to their actions have a disorder it is not necessarily and intended evil. I also believe that we do conduct our lives in hope of happiness. We would not run the race if we did not hope to win. Of course there are going to be losers but with out losing you cannot really pleasure the act of winning. Mill did not prove a justification for what happiness is to the whole. I do not think everyone has the same desire for happiness. We each share similarities but all have different ideas of what happiness means. Rap music might offend my grandmother but LL Cool J loves rap music and never intended to offend my grandmother. All of the cases presented in utilitarianism and Mill’s views are very vast. Mill does have some good points but really avoided justifying his theory.
Sunday, November 10, 2019
Act of kindness Essay
An Act of Kindness that I did for someone would be for my parents. What I did as kindness would be that I help my mom do chores at home without them telling me to help. I will see that they where always working hard and they will come home preatty late. So I kind of took care of home and my two brothers. and sometimes my dad too when he felt really bad, what I mean by bad would be that he had lukimia cancer. My mother work as a babysitter she will go to work mostly of the time at 6am and come back at 10pm and on weekends she would clean houses so she never had time to do chores at home or make dinner. My father worked in construction he was a hard worker too he will go to work a little later than my mom and come home earlier than her too. he was the one the took us to school when he could. Or one of my aunts would take us to school when he couldn’t. My dad also was battleing lukimia cancer for 10 years, he past away at age 41 september-29-2009. The Act Of Kindness that i did would be, first of all I would make breakfast for my brothers and dad so they could eat and so my dad can take his medication so ill help around with breakfast sometimes I will wake up later because i was tired I had to go to school and I was also young mother.By age 14 I had a baby too. And well my mom we didn’t really see in breackfast time because she would wake up eairlier she would even eat breackfast in the mornings. Sencondly I will come from school start cleaning the house wash dishes wash clothes clean the bathroom, and fix all the rooms my parents and brothers room vacume and mop . and if there was clothes to fold ill fold and put it away too. Then finally make dinner. so by the time by dad got home from work there will be dinner my dad would go to work sometimes right after he got out of his kimotheraphy he will go to work when he wasn’t soppost to. I will help my mom do all these chores because she worked alot barely had time to do it and ill see that she will come home tired. Act of Kindness Essay Today i will be telling you about one of my act of kindness, but before i do that i will be giving you hints as to what your about to read. It happen at a store that was one city over from me and was one of the best places to be be around because of the places near it. I was really young and it happen in the toy aisle because when your little and a boy it’s your favorite place. There was a young boy who was crying out for his mom. I was a worried alot when i was little and so i had my older sister help me look for the kids mother so he could smile. Those are my hints to what your about to read in my essay about my act of kindness. My act of kindness takes place at Kmart in Simi Valley, Califronia. I lived one city over from Simi and it was the only major shopping store close to us that was like a Walmart. I loved going to Kmart with my mom and sister because i would most likey get a toy for going with them. Once before when i went to Kmart with my mom i got lost from her and i t was the scariest thing a young boy can feel being lost from his mother. When i got lost there was someone there to help me get back to my mom, so i always felt that i should help someone else who was lost from someone they love. MY act of kindness happened in Kmart but to be more precise it happened in the toy aisle in Kmart. When your a young boy the toy aisle is like a candy shop and every toy is like a different flavor. I was six years old with my mom and sister and i would always go to the toys to look and see what i wanted for chrismas because chrismas was like a month and a half away. I saw a little boy in the toy aisle with me he had his hands on his face and i didnt know what he was doing. The little boy was three years old and his hands were over his face because he was crying and i did’nt know why he was crying i was thinking it was for a toy and he mom wouldnt let him get it. Then i hear him starting to cry mama mama where are you mama. I started to worry for the three year old boy even though i was only six years old i worried and to this day i still worry about stuff. When i went up to my mom i told her i think that boy is lost from his mom. I got to the point where i didnt want him to be sad anymore because i knew when i got lost from my mom someone helped me. I ask my sister if she would help me with looking from his mom, my sister was 12 so she was older than me and could do alot more than i could. We started to look around the toy aisle because that where the three year old boy was so we thought his mother would be close by. Then we started to look other places we went to the food aisle and the young kids clothing aisle. We looked everywhere we were thinking his mom left Kmart and left her son in the toy aisle. We went to the cash register have an employee page that a little boy lost his mom, but right when we got there we heard the mom yell the three year old boy’s name and he yelled mommy and she thanked us for helping her son look for his mom and i was happy knowing he got back with his mom. That is one of my act of kindness but to me this is one of the biggest act of kindness i have done because i was six when i did this act of kindness. To some people it might not seem like a big act of kindness but even the littlest acts of kindness can help someone in the long run. So if i could say that someones act of kindness to me made me in turn help someone else. I hope what you get from this story is that you can help someone no matter the age or the place. These are my words of wisdom for someone who was helped and who in return helped someone else.
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